How many calories do I burn in a Jazzercise class?

You can burn 320-1145 calories in a Jazzercise class.It depends on how much you weigh, how hard you work, and the length and difficulty of the class. Below is a general estimate of how many calories you can burn during a 45 and 60-minute Jazzercise class. 45-minute Jazzercise classIf you weigh 150 lbs, you can burn approximately 320 calories in 45 minutes. If you weigh 200 lbs, you can burn approximately 430 calories in 45 minutes.

White Poison: The Horrors of Milk

The pus, blood, antibiotics, and carcinogens in milk -- and the chronic fatigue, anemia, asthma and autoimmune disorders caused by milk consumption -- do no body good.Got milk If not, then thank your lucky stars. Because if you do, medical research shows that you are likely to be plagued by anemia, migraine, bloating, gas, indigestion, asthma, prostate cancer, and a host of potentially fatal allergies -- especially if you are a person of color.

Tempeh Chimichurri

First, steam tempeh for 10 minutes. This softens up the tempeh and gets it ready to soak up plenty of marinade. Meanwhile, make the chimichurri. Simply blend all of the sauce ingredients (not the tamari, though) until relatively smooth. When tempeh is steamed, pour half a cup of chimichurri into a measuring cup and add the soy sauce. (You want the soy sauce in the marinade, but not the finished chimichurri, it would be too aggressive and salty.)

Best FDA Approved Weight Loss Supplements

There are many different appetite suppressants on the market, but are they all FDA approved weight loss supplements Losing weight is a goal that consumes a lot of people, a lot of whom will resort to try out different weight loss methods. Sometimes exercising and dieting just doesn't cut it people want more results and faster. A visit to the doctor may be on the agenda. But today there's also a ton of appetite suppressant that doesn't require a prescription.

Anatomy of the Breast A Clinical Application

MoUSTAPHA HaMDI, ELISABETH WURINGER, InGRID SCHLENZ, RAFIC KUZBARI Ohe breast, by definition, is the soft protuberant body adhering to the thorax in females, in which the milk is secreted for the nourishment of infants or the seat of affection and emotions the repository of consciousness, designs and secrets The epidermis of the nipple and areola is highly pig-mented and somewhat wrinkled, and the skin of the nipple contains numerous sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands and relatively little...

Vertical Scar Mammaplasty with a Superior Pedicle

Ohe best of men is he who acquires learning but better than him is he who transmits it. in training who performed the operation in the university hospital. The same unfavorable results were published by Pickford 15 . Therefore, we tried to make the technique safer, keeping in mind the basic principles of the vertical scar mammaplasty. Operative Technique (Figs. 5.1-5.12) The goal of breast reduction is the correction of the volume, shape, and symmetry of the breast while preserving nipple...

Superior Pedicle Vertical Scar Mammaplasty Surgical Technique

Man honours himself by not displaying all the knowledge he has acquired. I first tried the vertical reduction technique to minimize scars but have stayed with it because I saw improved results that hold up over time. It is my preferred method for breast reduction and mastopexy. Vertical scar techniques have not gained popularity in the United States as rapidly as in Europe and South America. The reluctance to abandon the Wise pattern in favor of the vertical reduction has been related to...

Operative Design and Markings

There are numerous approaches to breast reduction surgery using a vertical skin resection pattern. Lassus 23-25 usually uses a superior pedicle and does not bevel his resection or undermine the skin. He resects the breast tissue directly down to the chest wall and does not resect the parenchyma along the Wise pattern. His inframammary fold stays in place. Marchac 26 uses a superior pedicle but adds a small horizontal scar or T to the bottom of the vertical incision. Lejour 27-30 uses a superior...

Liposuction for Final Tailoring

Prior to final skin closure, I perform liposuction not only along the lateral chest wall and in the preaxillary area, but also along the inframammary fold. I try to follow the Wise pattern for final parenchymal resection and remove the excess tissue just above the fold Fig. 7.8. This drawing shows the outline of the parenchymal re-section.Very little tissue is removed superiorly unless the patient has significant upper pole fullness preoperatively. The tissue resection follows a Wise pattern....

Short Scar Periareolar Inferior Pedicle Reduction Spair Mammaplasty

Reast reduction offers an opportunity rarely seen in plastic surgery, for not only is there too much volume, there is too much skin. With a sound operative strategy, excellent technique, and a discerning artistic eye, the sculpting of an artistic and stable breast shape can occur every time, and now we can do it with half the scar What an exciting time to be a plastic surgeon. pattern technique have been thrown into sharper focus. Specifically, the inframammary scar can be problematic in some...

Anatomy Of The Prostate Gland And Urinary Sphincter

The prostate gland is comprised of three glandular zones and one nonglandular region, the anterior fibromuscular stroma. The three glandular regions arise from different segments of the prostatic urethra 13 . The transition zone constitutes about 5 of prostatic glandular tissue and is located on both sides of the prostatic urethra. It is in this zone that benign prostatic hyperplasia develops 14 . The transition zone is separated from the central and peripheral zones of the prostate by the...

Tests of Visuospatial and Constructional Skills

Benton Facial Recognition Test Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test Object Assembly Test WAIS Visual Form Discrimination Test Visual perceptual and visual constructional skills right greater than left R gt L parietal lobe Subtle perceptual and visual discrimination R gt L parietal lobe Ability to estimate angular relationships between line segments rCBF increases in bilateral temporal-occipital areas R gt L129 Visuospatial organization skills glucose metabolism increases in posterior...

Classification Of Voiding Dysfunction

The purpose of any classification system should be to facilitate understanding and management. A good classification should serve as intellectual shorthand and should convey, in a few key words or phrases, the essence of a clinical situation. An ideal system for all types of voiding dysfunction would include or imply a number of factors 1. the conclusions reached from urodynamic testing 3. the approximate site and type of a neurologic lesion, or lack of one. If the various categories accurately...

Marking Cephalic Cone

Cysts become mature in tracheobronchial secretions f cysts transferred by congenital rout (transplacental) cysts inhaled by suitable hosts, man (children) cysts passed in droplet) particles of secretions Figure 2-15. Life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. Figure 2-15. Life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. SIZE 2 to 4 mcm. SHAPE Irregular. CONTENTS Central nucleus. SIZE 5 to 12 mcm. SHAPE Spherical. CONTENTS 8 nuclei, often in rosette arrangement. HISTORY Symptoms described by 1550 BC (Ebers papyrus)...

D Placement of a Metal Matrix Band

(1) Proper placement of amalgam requires condensation by applying strong pressure to the surface of the amalgam with amalgam pluggers. In cavities involving more than one tooth surface, it is usually necessary to surround the tooth with a matrix band to help confine the restorative material to the cavity preparation during condensation. The matrix band also helps determine proper contours and the location and form of proximal contacts in the restored tooth. A number of types of matrix retainers...

Hand Instruments Used For Cavity Preparation

Hand instruments are used extensively in cavity preparation. A number of instruments of different designs are used for performing different tooth cutting and caries-removing procedures on various surfaces of different teeth and in different parts of the mouth. b. Spoon Excavators (EXCAVATOR, DENTAL). Spoon excavators (figure 2-6) are used in removing debris and decayed dentin from cavities. Paired instruments are used. These include Darby-Perry instruments numbers 5, 6, 21, and 22,...

A Techniques for Sharpening Instruments

The fixed-stone technique is the first of three techniques for sharpening instruments that we will consider. Fixed stones are unmounted stones. There are two types--hand stones with rounded edges, in cylindrical or rectangular shapes, and flat stones, rectangular in shape, which may be smooth without grooves or have one surfaced grooved lengthwise (see figure 1-2). Equipment for the fixed-stone technique consists of either a Carborundum stone or an Arkansas stone,...

Central Ray Angulation

The angle of the x-ray beam, the average angle of projection of the central ray, is essential for successful use of the bisecting exposure techniques. Both vertical and horizontal angulations must be considered. a. Vertical angulation is the up-and-down movement of the tube head or x-ray beam. The correct vertical angulation exists when the central ray is directed perpendicular to the bisector of the angle formed by the long axis of the tooth and the plane of the film (see figure 4-4). When...

CSpoilage of Fruit Juices

The lactobacilli are important in the spoilage of fruit juices. Some strains are quite acid tolerant and can metabolize citric and malic acid. This reduces the acidity and results in a bland, rather flat flavor and a loss in astringency. A buttermilk flavor results in the fruit juice. (2) Slimy consistency. Bacteria of the species Leuconostoc mesenteroides produces a slimy, unpleasant consistency of fruit juices. (3) Fermentation. Yeasts contaminate and ferment...

Radiopaque Landmarks On Mandibular Radiographs

The border of the mandible is seen as a heavy white line (see figure 3-30). A similar line does not appear on maxillary radiographs. Figure 3-30. Border of the mandible. Figure 3-30. Border of the mandible. b. External Oblique Ridge. The external oblique ridge is a white line of variable density extending into the molar region as a continuation of the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible (see figure 3-31). Figure 3-31. External oblique ridge. c. Genial...

Steps In The Process Of Xray Production

When the unit is turned on, the filament of the cathode is heated to incandescence (a white-hot glow), causing it to emit electrons. When high voltage is applied, these electrons are drawn across the opening and collide with the focal spot of the anode target resulting in the production of x-rays or photons. See figures 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5 for a diagram of the complete procedure. Figure 1-3. Tube head with the filament of the cathode emitting electrons. Figure 1-3. Tube head with the filament of...

Film Yeasts

The visual manifestation of oxidative yeast activity is the formation of a film, sometimes referred to as mycoderma. The film results from repeated budding of mother and daughter cells that, rather than separating, remain attached, forming chains that branch and rebranch to eventually cover the surface of the wine (Section 1.2.2.4). Initially, the yeasts can appear as floating flowers. If allowed to continue, growth may rapidly develop into a thick pellicle, which appears mold-like. Baldwin...

Protein Purification

In the past, when proteins had to be purified from natural materials, purification ratios of up to 5000 were not unusual. However, since the development of efficient systems to express recombinant protein, combined with protein constructs provided with tags for affinity chromatography, the required purification Fig. 9.3 The general scheme for protein purification. Fig. 9.3 The general scheme for protein purification. ratios have been reduced to about 20-50. In particular, this improvement has...

Effects of Frying on the Vitamin E Content of Oils and Fats

Bunnell et al. (40) in one of the first literature references to loss of vitamin E in edible oil during deep-fat frying indicated that little loss occurs. Later studies clearly showed that this is not the case. McLaughlin and Weihrauch (36) in their 1979 review of the vitamin E content of food cited only five references showing the effects of heating on vitamin E loss in vegetable oils. This work was primarily conducted on oils under carefully controlled heating conditions without the...

Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate SOUR

Because toxicity affects cellular structure and cellular activity, a decrease in the number of active bacteria in the activated sludge process occurs. With a smaller number of active bacteria, less oxygen is consumed as less BOD is degraded. Therefore, a higher dissolved concentration is maintained in the activated sludge process and a decreased specific oxygen uptake rate SOUR occurs Tables 19.19 and 19.20 . SOUR mg hr g VSS is determined by the following calculation DO uptake rate mg liter...

Chemical Reactions

Another major cause of food deterioration is chemical reactions. Chemical reactions in foods are sometimes very complex and subtle. Chemical reactions, excluding the action of enzymes, are responsible for such diverse deteriorative changes as oxidation, color changes, reactions between a food container and its contents, and the coagulation of proteins. a. Temperature. We know the rate of deterioration will be significantly influenced by temperature. We can borrow a rule of chemistry (van't...

What Is G3p3 On Medical Exam

DIRECTIONS Each item contains a question or incomplete statement followed by suggested responses. Select the one best response to each question. 216. A baby is born with ambiguous genitalia. Which of the following statements is true a. A karyotype is rarely needed b. Evaluation should be done by 1 month of age c. It is sometimes associated with a history of a previous sibling with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) d. A thorough physical examination can usually decide the true sex e....

Best Colon Cleanse

Many people turn to one of the many colon cleanse options to help them lose extra pounds and detox their bodies. As you may or may not know, colon cleanses are popular for a number of reasons. What they actually do is clear out undigested waste built up in your system. This helps your digestive tract absorb key nutrients better.

Procedure For Setting Up An Oxygen Tank

The nasal prongs and the face mask require an oxygen source, usually from an oxygen tank or from piped-in oxygen. Most fixed-facility hospitals have piped-in oxygen. However, older hospitals and non-fixed facilities rely on oxygen tanks (figure 3-2) to deliver oxygen. If an oxygen tank is to be used, it must be properly prepared. a. Determine Need to Set up an Oxygen Tank. In a hospital, you will set up an oxygen tank when required to do so by orders from the physician or supervisor or when...

Mag3 Renal Scan Interpretation

The shape of the renogram curve (following subtraction of background activity) is dependent on 1. MAG3 uptake from blood into kidney 2. MAG3 elimination from kidney into bladder Classically, the normal MAG3 renogram curve has three phases (see figure 4.1) The first phase steep upward rise following intravenous contrast injection this is indicative of the speed of tracer injection and its delivery to the kidneys (i.e., renal vascular supply) The second phase a more gradual slope which represents...

Split renal function

This is expressed as the ratio of the area under the renogram curves of the two kidneys obtained during the period 40 seconds to 2 minutes 40 seconds after tracer injection. The shortest transit time for filtrate in the Bowman's capsule to the renal pelvis is 2.5 minutes, and therefore it can be safely assumed that the MAG3 will not be found in the collecting system within 2.5 minutes of injection. The initial 40 seconds are excluded to prevent artifac-tual errors. The relative function in a...

Kell Blood Group System

The Kell (K) antigen was first demonstrated by an antibody that caused hemolytic disease of the newborn. Its associated gene (K) is present in approximately 9confirmed when an antithetical relationship was established between K and k antigens using anti-Cellano (k), which reacted with the red blood cells of over 99 of the population. b. Subsequently, four additional antigens were found to be related to the Kell system. The first two were shown to be allelic and were termed Kpa and Kpb. As...

Suction Tip Placement

High velocity suction is also used in four-handed dentistry to maintain a clean, clear field of vision. It provides control of fluids in the patient's mouth by moving massive volumes of fluid quickly. The suction tip eliminates the need for a cuspidor. Fluids can be picked up without touching the surface of the tissue. The suction tip is reversible to allow the dental specialist to reach all areas of the mouth. Proper positioning of the suction tip is essential for...

The Ran GTPase cycle

One of the major requirements for efficient transport of cargoes into and out of the nucleus is that the system must have inherent directionality. For example, in the case of nuclear protein import, the cargo protein must be bound by the receptor in the cytoplasm, translocated into the nucleus, and then dissociated from the receptor. There must be some mechanism to switch the receptor from cargo pick up to cargo delivery.

Dental Records

Correct handling of records is necessary to establish a smooth operating clinic. Accurate preparation of records eliminates the possibility of confusion. The dental specialist should be sure to have the right record for the patient. He must know the proper method of filing, transferring, and disposing of clinical records. Guidance for filing, transferring, and disposing of professional and administrative records and reports is contained in AR 40-66, Medical Record Administration and...

The Catskill Mountains and New York Citys Watershed

One of the best-studied water supply systems in the world is the one that provides drinking water for more than 9 million people in the New York City metropolitan area (Ashendorff et al., 1997 NRC, 2000a Schneiderman, 2000). New York City's water supply includes three large reservoir systems (Croton, Catskill, and Delaware) that contain 19 reservoirs and 3 controlled lakes. This system, including all tributaries, encompasses a total area of 5,000 km2 with a reservoir capacity of 2.2 x 109 m3....

Preservation

Whenever specimens cannot be examined immediately after collection, a portion or the whole sample can be preserved for later examination. This procedure maintains parasites in their existing morphological form and structure. There is no perfect fixative and the method of preservation is usually determined by the particular organism a. Formalin. While protozoan trophozoites are destroyed by formalin, cysts, ova, and larvae are well preserved. The stool specimens should be preserved within one...

Apply A Recurrent Wrap

A recurrent wrap is used for a stump (amputated limb), finger, or hand. The procedures given below are for securing a dressing applied to a complete amputation. Figure 6-7. Applying a recurrent bandage to a stump. a. Apply an anchor wrap above the stump. Apply the wrap so the apex will be pointing toward the stump when it is folded down over the bandage (see figure 6-7 A). b.

General Rules For Applying Roller Bandages

Some general rules for applying roller bandages are given below. a. Expose the limb to be bandaged. The limb should be as dry and clean as possible. b. Position the body part to be bandaged in a normal resting position (position of function). c. Check the circulation at a point below where the bandage will be applied. d. Choose the appropriate sized roller bandage. Roller bandages range from 1 2 inch to 6 inches in width. The wider widths are used for the larger body parts.

Cones Cylinders Diaphragms And Collimators

Besides reducing the amount of SR produced (figure 1-27) and thereby improving the quality of the radiography, these devices also reduce radiation damage to the patient. Placed close to the x-ray tube, they absorb the wide-angle radiation that would not form a useful image. They do not focus or bend the x-ray beam, but rather absorb the unwanted part of the beam. a. Cones. A cone-shaped metal tube that absorbs unwanted divergent rays (A, figure 1-26) is known as a cone. The purpose of the cone...

A CPD and CPDA1

(1) Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) is an anticoagulant-preservative approved by the FDA for 21-day storage of red blood cells maintained at 1 C to 6 C. Blood collected in CPDA-1 may be stored for up to 35 days at 1 C to 6 C. Maintenance of ATP levels correlates with viability during storage. The low storage temperature, 1 C to 6 C, slows glycolytic activity enough that the dextrose substrate is not rapidly consumed, and intermediary metabolites that may inhibit glycolysis are not generated...

Anandamide endocannabinoid and endovanilloid

The endocannabinoid system comprises two known receptors (CBj and CB2), a family of endogenous ligands, and specific molecular machinery for the synthesis, transport, and inactivation of cannabinoid ligands 1 . N-Arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (anandamide) (Fig. 1) is known as an endocannabinoid, as defined by its ability to be produced endogenously and to bind to and activate cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors (see 1 ). Since its discovery, anandamide has been shown to have numerous physiological...

Micropapillomatosis Labialis

Micropapillomatosis labialis MPL is characterized by multiple, small uniform finger-like projections, usually on the inner labia minora and within the vestibule Fig. 9 . The projections are composed of a stromal core covered by unremarkable Figure 7 Endometriosis. A See color insert Grossly endometriotic implants on the vulva often have a blue appearance. B,C The criterion for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis histologically is the presence of endometrial glandular epithelium and stroma. In...

How many calories do I burn lifting weights/strength training?

You can burn 105-575 calories in 30 minutes of strength training.It depends how hard you work and how much rest you take. Below is an estimate of how many calories you can burn during a 30-minute strength training session (general) or vigorous power lifting session. General weight liftingIf you weigh 150 lbs, you can burn approximately 105 calories in 30 minutes. If you weigh 200 lbs, you can burn approximately 145 calories in 30 minutes.

Garcinia Cambogia Side Effects

Are there any Garcinia Cambogia side effects Much is said about the potential side effects of weight loss pills and dietary supplements to lose weight fast. What about this new weight loss phenomenon Garcinia Cambogia extract diet pills Are the supplements safe Are there any safety concerns for its consumption These are all things we'll study into during this article about the Garcinia Cambogia Side Effects.

Popliteal Varicose Veins

Fig. 10.1.1a-c Different types of varices. a Stem varicosis of greater saphenous vein. b Reticular varices in the area of the popliteal fossa, with pigmentation. c Telangiectasia due to venous stasis, agenesia of valves, deep venous thrombosis (post-thrombotic syndrome) or progressive primary varicosis. The most common cause is varicose disease. Varicose veins are dilated, tortuous and superficial veins occurring mainly in the lower limb area. Three types exist (Fig. 10.1.1) dilated saphenous...

Section Ii The Special Sense Of Vision Sight 13 Anatomy Of The Eye

The size of the adult eyeball is about 2.5 cm 1 inch in diameter. The eyes are recessed in the bony cavities the orbital cavities of the skull with only the front one-sixth of the eyeball's total surface area exposed. Bones protect each eyeball the frontal, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, sphenoid, and palatine bones. b. Tunics Layers of the Eyeball. The eyeball is composed of three layers called tunics the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the retina or nervous...

Anaerobic Digester Significant Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Significant abiotic factors in the anaerobic digester include ionized ammonia (NH4+), alkalinity, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrate (NO3-), nutrients, pH, quantity and types of substrates, sulfate (SO42-), temperature, toxic wastes, and volatile acids. Significant biotic factors include acetogenic bacteria, fermentative (acid-forming) bacteria, hydrolytic bacteria, methane-forming bacteria, solids retention time (SRT), sulfur-reducing bacteria, and volatile suspended solids (VSS). Within each...

A Burs Bur Dental Excavating Slowspeed Straight Handpiece Or Slowspeed Contraangle Handpiece

In discussing the preparation of a cavity for restoration in a modern clinic, it is essential that we talk about the many different kinds of burs available to the dental officer. Regardless of the procedure being done, the burs will probably be used in preparing the cavity for restoration. They are manufactured in different sizes and shapes suited to the various types and forms of the cavity preparation desired. You will be expected to know four different things about the...

Floc Forming Bacteria

Floc formation does not occur in an anaerobic digester. Septicity in the digester destroys floc formation. Floc formation does occur in the activated sludge process and is essential for its success. Floc formation permits the packaging of a large and diverse population of bacteria in numerous floc particles that (1) can be separated from the waste stream in the secondary clarifier and (2) can be recycled (Figure 14.1) as needed to achieve the following treatment objectives Remove fine solids...

Anabolism Versus Catabolism

Substrate that is absorbed by bacterial cells is degraded to provide carbon and energy for cellular growth and cellular activity. When substrate is used for cellular synthesis, small molecules are joined together to form large molecules and cellular growth occurs. This is referred to anabolism, and sludge production increases. When FIGURE 9.4 Bacterial growth curve, occurrence of anabolism and catabolism. Anabolic reactions favor increased sludge production, while catabolic reactions favor...

Preparation and Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes

Because detailed protocols for preparing and microinjecting Xenopus oocytes are listed elsewhere in this book, we only give a brief summary covering the essential steps. The subheadings outline terminal and survival surgery removal of epithelial layers, follicular cells, and the vitelline membrane and oocyte microinjection. 3.1.1. Terminal and Survival Surgery 1. Place a female X. laevis frog (Fig. 1A) in a 0.17 solution of MS-222 (made up in water) until sufficiently anesthetized. 2. If all of...

Blood Groups ABO Red Cell Groups

Human blood is grouped according to the presence or absence of specific antigens that are found on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO system is the major human blood group system that is used to type or group blood according to the antigens present on the red blood cell. Group A blood has A antigens, group B blood has B antigens, group AB blood has both antigens, and group O blood has neither antigen. In addition to the blood group antigens, blood group antibodies are present in human...

Amniotic Fluid Tests

Amniotic fluid serves several purposes including protecting the fetus from shock, controlling embryonic and fetal body temperature, and allowing free movement of the developing fetus within the amniotic sac. Analysis of amniotic fluid provides diagnostic information about fetal well-being and fetal maturation. Indications for amniotic fluid tests are family or parental genetic disorders, mental retardation, chromosome or enzyme anomalies, or inherited blood disorders. Advanced maternal age, at...

Chemical Analysis of Urine

Chemical urinalysis is performed to identify or evaluate the bilirubin, blood (whole blood and hemoglobin), glucose, ketones, leukocyte esterase, nitrate, pH level, protein, and urobilinogen in the urine. Chemical analysis of the urine provides health practitioners with information about the patient's kidney and liver function, carbohydrate metabolism, and acid-base balance. Chemical tests use reagent strips, also called dipsticks, to identify the presence and concentration of the labeled...

Close Up Twitter Barely Legal

Acanthosis nigricans (AN), 63 diagnosis, 110 histopathology, 110 pathophysiology, 110 treatment, 111 Acrochordons. See Fibroepithelial stromal polyp Adenocarcinoma Bartholin's, 160 Skene's gland, 172, 174 Adenosis, vestibular, 138-139 Angiokeratoma, 150-151 Angiomyofibroblastoma, 151, 153 Angiomyxoma, aggressive, 152, 154 Anogenital disease, 48 Apocrine glands, 46 Atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia (AJMH) biologic behavior, 116 histopathology, 117 treatment, 117 Bacterial folliculitis,...

In Situ Vein Graft

The in situ GSV by-pass technique differs in that the saphenous vein is left in its own bed rather than being removed and its orientation reversed. Although in situ GSV by-pass was originally introduced in the 1960s, this operation has enjoyed renewed popularity since the late 1980s, possibly because better instruments for disrupting venous valves have become available 23, 38, 50 . When using the vein in situ it is best to make the proximal anastomosis first and to declamp and allow the vein to...

Dorsal Simultanagnosia

Some authors have classified the visual form agnosics just described with another group of patients who have a disorder known as simultanagnosia (e.g., Adler, 1944 Alexander & Albert, 1983 Bauer & Rubens, 1985 Luria, 1973). The term simultanagnosia was originally coined by Wolpert (1924) to describe a condition in which the patient accurately perceives the individual elements or details of a complex picture, but cannot appreciate its overall meaning. Patients with simultanagnosia resemble...

Dopamine and cholinergic effects

In addition to the GABA neurons, two other sources of chemically significant neurons enhance the effects of the direct or indirect pathways. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the midbrain project to the striatum. The effect of dopamine excites or drives the direct pathway, increasing cortical excitation. Dopamine excites the direct pathway through D( receptors and inhibits the indirect pathway through D2 receptors. Cholinergic neurons found within the striatum have the opposite...

Nerve Supply Of The Jaws And Teeth

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise in the brain and give off branches to the structures of the head and face. These nerves leave the cranial cavity through foramina in the base of the cranium. The fifth cranial nerve the trigeminal nerve is the largest of the twelve pairs. It is of particular importance in dentistry since it provides the nerve supply to the jaws and the teeth. The fifth cranial nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers.

Oral Vestibule

The space between the front teeth and the lips forms the anterior part of the oral vestibule. The posterior part of the oral vestibule can be explored by clenching the teeth, pulling the lips apart, and pushing the index fingers back along the surface of the teeth, moving them as far up and down as possible. Figure 3-1 shows a cross-section of the mouth. One of the principal uses of the mouth is human speech. These specialized sounds are made by using the lips, the teeth, the bony ridge back of...

Division of teeth into thirds

To simplify the description of the surface anatomy of teeth, the crown and roots are divided into imaginary thirds. Each axial surface of the crown is divided into both vertical and horizontal thirds. The root is divided into horizontal thirds only. See figure 4-7. a. Each crown is divided into horizontal thirds--occlusal (or incisal), middle, and cervical (or gingival). b. Each mesial and distal surface of the crown is divided into vertical thirds-facial, middle, and lingual. c. Each facial...

Maxillary First Molar

The maxillary first molar (see figure 4-25) is the largest tooth in the mouth. It develops from four lobes and is often called the six year molar because of the age at which it erupts. a. Facial Surface. The facial surface is convex in all directions. A groove (the facial groove) passes vertically from the middle of this surface, between the two facial cusps, and onto the occlusal surface. The mesiofacial cusp is higher and wider than is the distofacial cusp. b. Lingual Surface. The lingual...

Mandibular Lateral Incisor

The mandibular lateral incisor (figure 4-29) resembles the mandibular central incisor and the maxillary lateral incisor in many respects. The mandibular lateral incisor is slightly larger in all dimensions and is less symmetrical in outline. Figure 4-29. Mandibular right lateral incisor. Figure 4-29. Mandibular right lateral incisor. a. Facial Surface. From the facial view, the facial surface of the incisal edge slopes distally while the central incisor is straight. The mesioincisal angle is...

Mandibular Cuspid

The mandibular cuspid (figure 4-30) resembles the maxillary cuspid in many respects. The mandibular cuspid is long and firmly anchored in the alveolar bone. It occupies a key position in the dental arch. a. Facial Surface. The facial surface is narrower than the facial surface of the maxillary cuspid. The distal slope of the incisal margin is almost twice the length of the mesial slope. The mesial margin is almost parallel to the long axis of the tooth. Otherwise, the facial surface is much the...

Exercises Lesson

INSTRUCTIONS Answer the following exercises by marking the lettered response that best answers the question, or by completing the incomplete statement, or by writing the answer in the space provided at the end of the question. After you have completed all the exercises, turn to Solutions to Exercises at the end of the lesson, and check your answers. For each exercise answered incorrectly, reread the material referenced after the answer. 1. How many teeth are present in the normal permanent...

Mandibular First Molar

The mandibular first molar is the largest tooth in the mandible (see figure 4-33). It has five functional cusps, each of which develops from a separate lobe. The maxillary and mandibular first molars are often called six-year molars because of the age at which they erupt. Eruption of the mandibular teeth usually precedes that of the maxillary teeth by several months. This tooth plays a vital role in the establishment and maintenance of occlusion. It is called the key to occlusion. Figure 4-33....

Assembly Of Filmholding Instruments

The instruments used to hold the film parallel to the teeth are plastic bite-blocks, indicator rods, and plastic locator rings. a. Anterior Instrument. The anterior instrument (see figure 4-19) is assembled and used as follows. Figure 4-18. Long cone on x-ray unit. Figure 4-18. Long cone on x-ray unit. Figure 4-19. Anterior instrument assemblage. Figure 4-19. Anterior instrument assemblage. (1) The shielded or printed side of the film packet is placed against the backing support of the...

Venous Drainage of the Brain and the Dural Venous Sinuses Dural venous sinuses

The dural venous sinuses receive cerebral veins from the brain and drain the venous blood mainly into the internal jugular vein (Figures III-6-12 and III-6-13). The superior sagittal sinus is located in the midsagittal plane along the superior aspect of the falx cerebri. It drains into the confluence of the sinuses. Arachnoid granulations protrude through the walls of the superior sagittal sinus. The arachnoid granulations transmit CSJ from the subarachnoid space into the venous circulation....

Temporal Lobe Primary auditory cortex

On its superior and lateral aspect, the temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex. Auditory cortex areas 41 and 42 is located on the two transverse gyri of Heschl, which cross the superior temporal lobe deep within the lateral sulcus. Much of the remaining superior temporal gyrus is occupied by area 22 auditory association cortex , which receives a considerable projection from both areas 41 and 42 and projects widely to both parietal and occipital cortices. Patients with unilateral...

The Functions Of Dreaming

Why do we spend so much time dreaming Why does our mind put forth the effort to create dream after dream night after night Surely there must be good purpose for such an endeavor. Through the ages, there have been many ideas about what dreams are see Chapter 6 . Some of these ideas are related to functions. Rather than review all of these ideas, we shall focus our attention here on theories that give primary importance to dream function and that are also in the forefront of current...

Acute Torticollis

A 57-year-old right-handed male is brought to the emergency room by his relatives because they noticed that although he speaks fluently, he has begun to use inappropriate words and phrases to refer to ordinary objects and events in his daily life. He suffers from chronic hypertension that has been treated with calcium channel blockers. VS hypertension (BP 170 120). PE confusion constructional neurologic deficit Babinski's reflex present. EEC abnormal brain activity in left temporal lobe over...

Pediatrics and Neonatology

The answer is b. (Behrman, 16 e, pp 1385-1399. Hay, 14 e, pp 496-497.) The five congenital heart disorders listed in the answer (the five T's) cause right-to-left shunts and subsequent cyanosis. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common type of cyanotic heart lesion and consists of Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, an Overriding aorta, and VSD (PROV). Children present with dyspnea, cyanosis after the neonatal period, irritability, easy fati-gability, and retarded growth and development. Physical...

Reflections on Retrogenesis

Reisberg et al's excellent review on the clinical diagnosis of dementia presents a very powerful and lucid account of the idea of retrogenesis that he and his colleagues have developed over the last few years. In essence, this highlights the similarities between progression in Alzheimer's disease AD and reversal of development, such that in cognitive function, functional impairment, behaviour and social interactions, the more severely demented a patient becomes, the more similar he appears to...

Bacterial Growth

Biological, wastewater treatment plants are simply biological amplifiers. The plants permit organisms (biomass or sludge), primarily bacteria, to increase in number by using the pollutants (substrates and nutrients) in the wastewater and converting them to new organisms (biomass or sludge) and nonpolluting wastes and less polluting wastes (Table 9.1). Nonpolluting wastes do not contribute to operational or environmental problems. Less polluting wastes are not as harmful as the original...

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) or luxury uptake of phosphorus occurs when phosphorus uptake by bacteria is in excess of cellular requirements. Typically, activated sludge phosphorus content is approximately 1-3 , while the activated sludge phosphorus content is approximately 6-7 when EBPR is used. EBPR is relatively inexpensive and is capable of removing phosphorus to low effluent concentrations. EBPR also reduces chemical costs and sludge disposal costs that are associated with...

Hyperreflexia Traumatic Brain Injury

Hyperreflexia Spasticity Babinski sign Clonus Weakness Note UMN upper motor neuron LMN lower motor neuron. shoulder, knee, or hip may elicit abnormalities of tone. If range of motion is limited, the examiner should consider contracture or a heterotopic overgrowth of bone in the affected joint region leading to ossification.68 The two most common patterns of muscle weakness following traumatic brain injury are hemiparesis and quadriparesis due to injury to the corticospinal tracts coursing...

Neuropsychological Tests of Attention

Brief Test of Attention Color Trails Test Continuous Performance Test Digit Span Test (of WAIS-III) Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test Stroop Color and Word Test Symbol Digit Modalities Test Trail-Making Test Visual tracking attention (excellent where English skills are lacking) Visual target vigilance Auditory working memory Divided auditory attention (sensitive to subtle alterations of sustained and divided auditory attention) Visual selective attention...

Innervation and Functional Anatomy of Laryngeal Muscles

As a matter of basic orientation, a conventional view of laryngeal anatomy is briefly presented. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles have both their origin and insertion on the cricoid, thyroid, or arytenoid cartilage. In concert, they orchestrate the motion of the vocal folds during respiration, vocalization, and airway protection. The paired posterior cricoarytenoid PCA muscles are situated on the posterior larynx Fig. 2.1A . When the PCA contracts, it rocks the arytenoid cartilage in a...

Steroidogenesis

Sex steroids appear to be secreted primarily by the ovaries of female frogs (30,31). During breeding season, serum estradiol levels increase, which stimulates vitellogenin production by the liver. The direct effects of estradiol on amphibian ovarian follicle development are still not well understood. Sex steroid production reaches a maximum during ovulation, when gonadotropins secreted from the pituitary stimulate both estrogen and androgen production however, the exact amounts of the various...

Pedicle Choices in Breast Reduction

Hall-Findlay y failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail. Surgeons should choose the right technique for the right patient. We plastic surgeons may be artists, but even artists still need to plan and to trace lines to create beautiful works. Breast reduction surgery usually combines a skin and parenchymal resection with a pedicle to maintain blood supply to the nipple-areola complex. This pedicle should allow adequate movement of the nipple to its new, more...

Comparisons Between Worry And Rumination

The nature of worry and rumination suggests that these processes should overlap with and differ from each other. It is evident that worry and rumination can exist dynamically within the same individual. However, the study of similarities and differences between worry and rumination may offer a number of important opportunities. First, it may allow us to construct systematically a profile of the constituents of persistent negative thinking processes that contribute to specific and or general...

Q Wave Formation

When a transmural segment of myocardium undergoes infarction, it ceases to depolarize normally and becomes essentially electrically inert. As a result, there are no forces of ventricular depolarization spreading from endocardium to epicardium and coming directly toward whichever leads are viewing the infarcted wall. Instead, the leads viewing the infarction are looking through the window of inactive infarcted myocardium at the forces of the opposite wall of the ventricle. These vectors in the...

Solms 1997 2000

In the early 1990s, Mark Solms, a clinical neuropsychologist in London, England, asked every one of the 434 patients referred to him for evaluation of brain damage or brain dysfunction the same set of questions about the quantity, quality, and character of their dreams. He was able to obtain usable data from 361 of these patients, the vast majority of whom did report some significant change in their dreaming. Twenty-nine were eventually found to be free of brain disorders and served as a...

How many calories do I burn playing tennis?

You can burn 215-765 calories playing tennis for 30 minutes.It depends on how much you weigh, how hard you play, and if you're playing singles or doubles. Below is a general estimate of how many calories you can burn playing tennis for 30 minutes. Playing singlesIf you weigh 150 lbs, you can burn approximately 285 calories in 30 minutes. If you weigh 200 lbs, you can burn approximately 380 calories in 30 minutes. If you weigh 250 lbs, you can burn approximately 475 calories in 30 minutes.

Constipation

A person who has hard stools and has not had a bowel movement for 3 or more days is said to be constipated. Constipation is often caused by a poor diet (especially not eating enough fruits, green vegetables, or foods with natural fiber like whole grain bread) or by lack of exercise. Drinking more water and eating more fruits, vegetables, and foods with natural fiber like whole grain bread, cassava, wheat bran, rye, carrots, turnips, raisins, nuts, pumpkin or sunflower seeds, is better than...

Latent infections

When a latent infection is initiated the virus genome is maintained in the infected cell either as a sequence of DNA integrated into the cell genome, or as multiple copies of covalently closed circular DNA (Figure 9.7). In eukaryotic cells the virus DNA is associated with (a) (a) (b) (b) Figure 9.7 Maintenance of virus genomes in cells with latent infections. (a) Virus DNA integrated into a cell chromosome.

Complete Dentures

Most complete denture techniques require five appointments. On the first appointment, the patient is examined and preliminary impressions are made. The purpose of this is to evaluate the patient and to plan treatment. Diagnostic casts are poured from the preliminary impressions. On the second appointment, final impressions are completed from which the master cast is poured. The purpose of this procedure is to fabricate accurate casts upon which the dentures will be made. On the...

Cyanotic Heart Disease

A 6-month-old infant is prone to episodes of restlessness, cyanosis, and gasping respirations. Symptoms resolve when he is placed in the knee chest position. Physical examination reveals an underweight infant, with a harsh holosystolic murmur and a single second heart sound. Definition. TOF is defined as pulmonary stenosis, VSD, dextroposition of the aorta (overriding), and right ventricular hypertrophy. It is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Presentation. Symptoms depend on...

The growing pandemic of type 2 diabetes: a crucial need for prevention and improved detection

Changes in human behavior and lifestyle associated with globalization have resulted in a dramatic increase in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes globally. Until recently, there was a strong emphasis on genetic susceptibility, and on environmental and behavioral factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition, and obesity (particularly central adiposity).

DNA Supercoiling

In Chapter 4 we explained how a DNA molecule must twist - or untwist - and curve, in order to carry out its various functions in biology. For example, DNA has to untwist near the start-sites of all genes, often at or near TATA sequences, so that RNA polymerase can unwind or separate the strands and construct new RNA strands according to the rules of Watson-Crick base-pairing. Similarly, DNA must untwist at all origins of replication, so that DNA polymerase can construct a new DNA strand in...

Procedure For Setting Up A Wall Oxygen Unit

When oxygen is to be obtained from a piped-in supply, a station valve is located on the wall. Two general types of station outlet valves are currently in use. One is a manually operated valve with which the oxygen is turned on and off with a knob (figure 3-11). The other type is the quick connect coupler to which a flow meter can be connected simply by plugging it into the valve (figure 3-12).

GFP as a Biomarker in Bacteria

GFP has been used as a biomarker in a variety of bacterial strains. A partial list of the bacterial species studied and the types of studies performed is presented in Table 7.2. Use of constitutive or inducible promoters to express GFP in bacterial cells allows tracking of tagged cells in the environment and visualization of their location.10 Constitutive expression can be obtained by cloning GFP into a vector containing a promoter known to be oonstitutively expressed in the bacterium of...